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fulacht fiadh
A fulacht fiadh ((:ˈfˠʊl̪ˠəxt̪ˠ ˈfʲiːə); (アイルランド語:fulacht fiadh) or ''fulacht fian''; plural: ''fulachtaí fia'' or, in older texts, ''fulachta fiadh'') is a type of archaeological site found in Ireland. In England, Scotland, Wales and the Isle of Man they are known as burnt mounds. They commonly survive as a low horseshoe-shaped mound of charcoal-enriched soil and heat shattered stone with a slight depression at its centre showing the position of the pit.
Radiocarbon dating indicates that the majority of ''fulachtaí fiadh'' were constructed during the mid to late Bronze Age〔Brinley, Lanting, "The dating of fulachta fiadh", Burned Offerings, 1990, Wordwell, p55-56.〕 (c.1500- c. 500 BC), though some Neolithic examples are known. However, some were still in use up to medieval times. They are the most common archaeological sites in Ireland, with over 4,500 recorded examples,〔Power, Denis, "Archaeological Inventory of County Cork, Volume 3: Mid Cork", ColorBooks, P75. ISBN 0-7076-4933-1〕 of which some 2,000 are found in County Cork. Permanent structures are rarely found near to ''fulachtaí fiadh'', but small hut sites are common and it is unknown whether early sites were built by permanent settlements or nomadic hunters.〔
==Etymology==
Many commentators suggest that the Irish word "''fulacht''" denotes a pit used for cooking. "''Fiadh''" in Old Irish meant something like "wild", often relating to animals such as deer. However, all commentators acknowledge significant difficulties in deriving a genuine etymology for the word "''fulacht''". As some historical references clearly use the term "''fulacht''" to describe a cooking spit, a close reading of these accounts suggests that the term actually derives from a word meaning support and probably carries a deliberate reference to the Irish words for blood and meat.〔Ó Néill, J. 2004 "Lapidibus in igne calefactis coquebatur: the historical burnt mound ‘tradition’", Journal of Irish Archaeology Vol. XII/XIII, 79-85〕
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